Criticisms

furthermore, not reality. In this sense, Kant considers the To be contention as an activity in verbal examination, the methods where anybody can anaylse the significance of a word or idea, and draw a legitimate clarification from it. In this way, Anselms’ word... Reactions Free Essays on The Existence Of God - Approaches/Criticisms The presence of God - Approaches/Criticisms There are three significant contentions that endeavor to clarify the presence of God. Right off the bat, it is imperative to build up a meaning of God. As indicated by savants God is an endlessly impeccable being that maintains an awesome solidarity of extreme goodness and of extreme force. God is alluded to as Omniscient, Omnipotent and Eternal. God has boundless information and insight, so fundamentally God is a definitive model of compulsiveness. In spite of the fact that all Philosophers concur with this meaning of God, it doesn't state whether this perfect idea of God exists. The Ontological, Cosmological and Teleological have been created all through an ideal opportunity to endeavor to demonstrate God presence. There have likewise been numerous reactions into these contentions, which endeavor to invalidate every contention. The Ontological contention was created by Anselm; a theist who contended for the presence of God. In his contention he alludes to God as an ideal being, consequently ‘that than which nothing more noteworthy can be conceived’. He started his contention by saying that even a ‘fool’ (agnostic) can get a handle on or comprehend the idea of a being than of ‘which nothing more noteworthy can be conceived’ as they as of now have a comprehension or thought of what it implies in their brain. In spite of the fact that this thought exists in their psyche, it doesn't mean God doesn’t exist as a general rule. Anselm alludes to God as an ideal being, and on the grounds that he is so immaculate he should have limitless hairsplitting, hence Anselm is contending that if God needed presence he would not be great, as he is flawless he should exist. There are numerous reactions to why Anselm’s Ontological contention comes up short. Kant saw Anselm’s contention as simply a word game, playing on words and not reality. In this sense, Kant considers the To be contention as an activity in verbal examination, the methods where anybody can anaylse the importance of a word or idea, and draw a legitimate clarification from it. In this way, Anselms’ word...

The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art

In â€Å"Herakles composes home† we can perceive how Marian Maguire has utilized Greek fanciful figures taken from old Greek jars and put them into the locations of New Zealand’s colonization and struggle with Maori to show the impacts of the British pioneers had on the molding of New Zealand’s destiny be it negative or positive relying upon the perspective of the watchers. The pot Maguire utilizes in â€Å"Herakles composes home† is a dark figure Volute Krater comparative fit as a fiddle to the Black-figure Volute Krater made by an Anonymous Greek painter between 525â and 500 BC.The Pot imparts numerous similarities to the one utilized in Herakles thinks of home which lets me make the presumption that the state of the pot in the lithograph is a Volute Krater. Both of their center body pieces are the fit as a fiddle with huge top which gets littler the further towards the base it goes yet Black figure Volute Krater has to a greater extent an inclination to where it arrives at the base piece while the pot in Maguire’s lithograph has a sharp change in point where it arrives at the bottom.The base piece in the two pots is again comparable with some variety between the two. The pot in the Herakles keeps in touch with home has a compliment band around the base of it which takes into consideration it to have a beautiful band in it not at all like the Black figure Volute Krater. The band underneath the top band in the Volute Krater is essentially the equivalent fit as a fiddle to the one utilized in the Pot in the Herakles keeps in touch with home Lithograph the main contrast is the Black figure Volute Krater needs beautification there.The top band of the two pots is comparative however there is a greater distinction between them than the majority of different pieces of the pot. In the Pot in the Herakles thinks of home lithograph the top band is joined along the edges to the handles while the Black Figure Volute Krater’s h andles don’t meet along the edges of the top band they are joined to the highest point of the pot, The top band is comparable fit as a fiddle to one another however the Black Figure Volute Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter.Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Krater has a greater amount of inclination to it. Where the handles come out of the pot there is the greatest contrast. In Herakles thinks of home the handles come out of the pot and keep their shape and enrichment the equivalent through the entire handle though the handles come out of the pot dark and littler than the parts of the bargains operating at a profit Figure Volute Krater then change into orangey/red with designs and thicker handles. Indeed, even with those distinctions t is evident that the figure of the first Black figure Volute Krater has affected what the state of the pot in Maguire’s lithograph and that it is plainly an Attic Volute Krater. Ha ndle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450â€440 BC delineating the twofold ivory leaf design. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450â€440 BC portraying the twofold ivory leaf design. The enhancing highlight on the pot in the Herakles composes is obviously affected by other old style pots however Maguire has fused them into a special way.The handles on the pot in the Herakles thinks of home lithograph are twofold ivy leaf yet not the customary ones you find on old Greek pot’s Maguire has put a turn on it by supplanting the ivy leave shape with that of the Kowhai tree which is local to New Zealand (Something about what it appears about something) Another embellishment in the pot that bears traditional impact is the chevron design on the foot of the pot portrayed in Maguire’s lithograph like the example around the highest point of the Persephone painter’s red-figure chime Krater. 440 B. C. Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Pain ter 440 B. C. ; Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter What’s fascinating about the example is that the leaves utilized are that they are olive tree leaves organized I a way that it would appear that an olive wreath. The explanation Maguire has decided to utilize an olive wreath in this specific fine art is that an olive wreath connotes being triumphant and furthermore harmony as in the old Greek Olympic Games the victors of occasions were granted Olive Wreaths from wild-olive leafs from a consecrated tree close to the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia.Maguire utilized this as an image since it makes a differentiation between the pioneers and England around then, as Herakles was the child of Zeus it gives a family interface between the figure of Herakles instead of a pilgrim on the pot and the wreath is an image of Zeus who being the dad of Herakles would be in the Place of Settler period England. The nearness of the wreath likewise connotes the triumph of the Maori populace of new Zealand which if in the Ancient Olympic Games the two societies, Maori and Settler, would have een granted to the victor which for this situation was the pioneers, this can be upheld up by the loose and post fight/successful feel of the scene on the tummy of the pot. Base of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530â€520 B. C pot portraying stylised beams. Base of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530â€520 B. C pot delineating stylised rays.The next element on the pot on Maguire’s lithograph was stylised beams, however not as equivalent to the traditional Greek stylised beams portray frosted on the image to one side yet with an European/pilgrim wind. Maguire has placed in Settler Farming devices In the spot of the old style Greek’s beams. This exceptional change to what ordinarily would have gone in there leaves us asking why she would change this.The purpose for this would be that it shows how extraord inary the change the pioneers purchased in on New Zealand and supplanted the old with their new stuff leaving little proof of the old however its adjusted style and structure. Greek pot delineating Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Greek pot delineating Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Herakles was maybe the most celebrated and renowned Greek saint who accomplished everlasting status because of his accomplishments and Maguire has utilized this picture of Herakles to fortify the thoughts she is conveying.The thought of Herakles as his own man is maybe the misjudged thing about him as his twelve works were coordinated by Eurystheus, the ruler of Tiryns and Mycenae on the order of Apollo in the wake of executing his significant other and youngsters in an attack of frenzy Hera prompted in him, yet it is essential to bring up that despite the fact that he was under the order of Eurytheus he did it willingly and by finishing these twelve work s he turned into the best legend in all of Greek mythology.By skilfully utilizing Herakles in the spot of pioneers Maguire has given us a superior comprehension of the message she is passing on. A fundamental aspect regarding Herakles being the Greek legendary figure Maguire utilized is the way that he was an instrument to finish the undertakings of Eurystheus which the pilgrims were to England simply apparatuses to finish errands for their own benefit.In the instance of Herakles he developed his own â€Å"Kleos† by finishing these accomplishments and threatening Eurythesus causing Eurythesus to fear for his life â€Å"Amazed at his masculinity, Eurystheus prohibited him thereupon to enter the city, however requested him to display the his rewards for all the hard work before the entryways. They state that in his dread he had a bronze container made for himself to stow away in under the Amazed at his masculinity, Eurystheus prohibited him thereupon to enter the city, however requested him to show the his rewards for all the hard work before the gates.They state that in his dread he had a bronze container made for himself to cover up in under the earth† Apollodorus, the antiquated author who gathered legends in his folklore handbook, theâ library, this may not be a totally evident story as Myths passed on orally and weren’t genuinely recorded until late after their creation which makes bits of the Myth obligated to changes due to a kind of Chinese murmur impact. This is like the circumstance with the pioneers and England last on http://craftsmanship. thewalters. organization/detail/13467 http://craftsmanship. thewalters. organization/detail/13467

Innovations in Religious Practices in the Roman Empire - 3300 Words

Innovations in Religious Practices in the Roman Empire (Research Paper Sample) Content: INNOVATIONS IN RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN THE ROMAN EMPIREName:Course:Tutor:Date: IntroductionConstantine and Augustus are both very important figures not only to the history of the Roman Empire but also to our modern cultures. They were both part of numerous innovations to religious practices in the Roman Empire in the early days. They portrayed vivid visions and substantial strength of character during their reign. For this reason, these two emperors were the only ones in the history of Roman Empire to serve for lengthy terms. Something similar about them is the fact that the two embraced different types of religions in the Roman Empire, which would later transpire to the immense effects to the Roman Society in general and form a key source of religious backgrounds of Christianity and Judaism and not forgetting the western culture.History of religion in the Ancient Roman EmpireRoman Empire is one of the most popular and most remembered empires in the history of the wor ld for its extensive social and political structures. Its history of existence can be traced back to Augustus Caesar who was the first leader to become an emperor in Rome at around 31BCE and its history can be retrieved from around 476 CE where at this time there were two segments of the Roman Empire; eastern and the western empires under different emperors. The western empire ended with its last emperor Romulus Augustulus having been removed from office by the reign of kings and the eastern empire collapsed following the death of Constantine IX and the empire fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks. During the era of the Roman Empire, approximately forty emperors ruled in this particular empire but of all the forty only two made remarkable contributions to the religious history of the world hence remembered for these great contributions.Emperorship in Roman Empire was hereditary. It would pass on to the heir or the next of kin. The heirs would be determined by birth or adoption. A senate would delegate powers to the emperor. According to different researchers, the emperors who were granted the power by the senate adopted the term Augustus for he was the first of the governors to be granted powers by the senate following the downfall of Julio Caesar who was the first governor. Some researchers do disapprove the fact that Julio Caesar was the first emperor. This is due to the fact that the senate never awarded him the term but instead gave him the title of a Roman Dictator for his supremacy in military and political prowess and power. The Roman Empire by then was only ruled by emperors who came from two royal families; hence, the reign was named the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. This name was adopted from the two family names where the respective emperors descended from. A number of emperors from Julio-Claudian Dynasty took to power after Augustus but none of these heirs was comparable to him in terms of achievement since they all succumbed to poor visions and lac k of strength in character and the technical knowhow to lead. Augustus ascended to power after the death of Julio Caesar and as the next heir. He was a cousin to Julio Caesar. At the time of his rise in power, Rome was just a city of clay. He embarked on numerous projects that would eventually transform Rome into a city of Marble at the time of his death. The senate granted him the emperor of Roman Empire following his efforts to destroy the enemies bringing in much needed stability to the people of the Roman Empire for sound economic activities. He brought a lot of change to Rome as a city through initiation of vast building projects, extending and guarding the territories and boundaries to Rome city from its enemies as well as changing the laws of the town. Eventually, non-Roman groups would find their way to the empire following the stability though some archeologists and scientists believe that the non-Roman groups migrated to the empire following the good climatic conditions that were being experienced in the empire at this time. The climatic conditions were not only fit for farming but also fit for living. The non- Roman group would not only bring with them their material property but also their religious cultures.Religious pluralism would eventually become the order of the day in the Roman Empire due to the fact that during the reign of Augustus, he grabbed more land and more people who would automatically become a part of the Roman Empire. These victories brought in a number of gods to the city and as Stark stipulates, this was to the expense of the public since the senate never built any temples before the reign of Augustus to cater for this and instead the rich and the poor would group themselves together to raise money to build a church or even a shrine to cater for their religious needs . It later transformed most of the citizens here into priesthood since a priest at this time was a title that was viewed as very important to any person and tha t such a person was respected even though at this time such individuals lacked any religious duties and even authority to be a priest. During the time of Augustus, religious duties and authority was only delegated to a limited number of priests who served as the advisors to the senate of Roman Empire and who had undertaken divination. Emperor Augustus also built the first pantheon that acted as a conservative place for the increasingly adopted religions in Roman Empire.Following the different eras of mixed religions, Roman Empire would later on be transformed into a single religion state. A Christian Empire after Emperor Constantine ascended to power. Emperor Constantine was born in 272 AD and his father Constantius Chlorus was by then an officer of Roman Empire who controlled its activities in Zenobia and Gallic Empires, which were constituent empires of the Roman Empire. As a young boy, he received his formal education at the court of Diocletian at Nicomedia. Later on, his fathe r would leave his mother and marry a daughter of the reigning Augustus of the East Empire of Roman Empire to earn more space in his government and cement their relationship. At the time of retirement, both the emperors of the East and of the West recommended that there was to be an end to Tetrarchs following the fact that there was to be no more naming of emperors sons as the potential heirs of the emperorship. This eventually angered Constantine who thought he should succeed his father as the emperor. Despite this setback in his dreams, he left to join his father in the West. After some time, the father fell ill and died and following his popularity to the soldiers for his bravery, they declared him the next Augustus of the West Roman Empire.Constantine in his reign is stipulated as a Christian who really believed in God. He was a true believer to the extent that just before the battle of Milvian Bridge, which would later proclaim him the overall emperor of East and West Empires, he believed to have seen a sign of his success from God. His soldiers fought this battle under a new sign, which meant in Christs name. He also claimed to have received his visions from God in his dreams. He eventually won the battle and even though the other soldiers had outnumbered his army, he believed in his victory and encouraged them to fight hard. This forced the other soldiers to flee, eventually capturing Rome. As indicated by Lenski, Constantine ruled more than any other emperor of the Roman Empire second from Augustus. When he was declared the emperor of Roman Empire, Rome city had grown a substantial percentage of both Christians and Judaism. This had resulted from the influx of Greek gods, Egypt gods and others from the near East in to the Roman Empire.Augustus innovations in religious practices in the Roman EmpireAugustus ruled in the Roman Empire as from 31 BCE to 14 CE. He was the fore founder of Rome City and even history articulates him as the first emperor of t he Roman Empire. The innovations he made for the city and to religious practices are unforgettable. When Augustus became the emperor of the Roman Empire, he embarked on different projects to alleviate the image of the city as well as raising the socio-economic status of the different communities in the Roman Empire bearing in mind that at this time very little was in existence in terms of the facilities, technology and even the technical knowhow. Together with his compatriot general Agrippa, Augustus turned Roman Empire into one of the greatest in history as at that time of the century.Augustus is remembered as a key contributor and inventor of religious practices since he was the first emperor to build the first pantheon. This place acted as a temple to all gods of ancient Roman Empire. Different people during this period of the century would use this facility to serve their religious activity. He as well changed the laws of the town in favor of diversified religious activities. I t was the right of every person to serve the god who he or she believed in without torture or discrimination by the law. This resulted in high growth of religious activities in this empire and evolution of gods. Prior to the republican time, there were seven gods headed by Zeus. This eventually grew to approximately sixteen during the era of Augustus. These gods were mainly imported from Greece and Egypt.However, with the introduction of laws supporting the different religions and commencement of building of temples to serve the gods in different cities of the Roman Empire, this did not serve the need of a certain group of individuals. As stated by Stark, it just made some groups of people develop the urge to look for a more sophisticated religion to sustain their religious needs. To some point in the century, through the act of the senate a religion known as Cybele also referred to as Magna Mater (great mother&rdqu... Innovations in Religious Practices in the Roman Empire - 3300 Words Innovations in Religious Practices in the Roman Empire (Research Paper Sample) Content: INNOVATIONS IN RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN THE ROMAN EMPIREName:Course:Tutor:Date: IntroductionConstantine and Augustus are both very important figures not only to the history of the Roman Empire but also to our modern cultures. They were both part of numerous innovations to religious practices in the Roman Empire in the early days. They portrayed vivid visions and substantial strength of character during their reign. For this reason, these two emperors were the only ones in the history of Roman Empire to serve for lengthy terms. Something similar about them is the fact that the two embraced different types of religions in the Roman Empire, which would later transpire to the immense effects to the Roman Society in general and form a key source of religious backgrounds of Christianity and Judaism and not forgetting the western culture.History of religion in the Ancient Roman EmpireRoman Empire is one of the most popular and most remembered empires in the history of the wor ld for its extensive social and political structures. Its history of existence can be traced back to Augustus Caesar who was the first leader to become an emperor in Rome at around 31BCE and its history can be retrieved from around 476 CE where at this time there were two segments of the Roman Empire; eastern and the western empires under different emperors. The western empire ended with its last emperor Romulus Augustulus having been removed from office by the reign of kings and the eastern empire collapsed following the death of Constantine IX and the empire fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks. During the era of the Roman Empire, approximately forty emperors ruled in this particular empire but of all the forty only two made remarkable contributions to the religious history of the world hence remembered for these great contributions.Emperorship in Roman Empire was hereditary. It would pass on to the heir or the next of kin. The heirs would be determined by birth or adoption. A senate would delegate powers to the emperor. According to different researchers, the emperors who were granted the power by the senate adopted the term Augustus for he was the first of the governors to be granted powers by the senate following the downfall of Julio Caesar who was the first governor. Some researchers do disapprove the fact that Julio Caesar was the first emperor. This is due to the fact that the senate never awarded him the term but instead gave him the title of a Roman Dictator for his supremacy in military and political prowess and power. The Roman Empire by then was only ruled by emperors who came from two royal families; hence, the reign was named the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. This name was adopted from the two family names where the respective emperors descended from. A number of emperors from Julio-Claudian Dynasty took to power after Augustus but none of these heirs was comparable to him in terms of achievement since they all succumbed to poor visions and lac k of strength in character and the technical knowhow to lead. Augustus ascended to power after the death of Julio Caesar and as the next heir. He was a cousin to Julio Caesar. At the time of his rise in power, Rome was just a city of clay. He embarked on numerous projects that would eventually transform Rome into a city of Marble at the time of his death. The senate granted him the emperor of Roman Empire following his efforts to destroy the enemies bringing in much needed stability to the people of the Roman Empire for sound economic activities. He brought a lot of change to Rome as a city through initiation of vast building projects, extending and guarding the territories and boundaries to Rome city from its enemies as well as changing the laws of the town. Eventually, non-Roman groups would find their way to the empire following the stability though some archeologists and scientists believe that the non-Roman groups migrated to the empire following the good climatic conditions that were being experienced in the empire at this time. The climatic conditions were not only fit for farming but also fit for living. The non- Roman group would not only bring with them their material property but also their religious cultures.Religious pluralism would eventually become the order of the day in the Roman Empire due to the fact that during the reign of Augustus, he grabbed more land and more people who would automatically become a part of the Roman Empire. These victories brought in a number of gods to the city and as Stark stipulates, this was to the expense of the public since the senate never built any temples before the reign of Augustus to cater for this and instead the rich and the poor would group themselves together to raise money to build a church or even a shrine to cater for their religious needs . It later transformed most of the citizens here into priesthood since a priest at this time was a title that was viewed as very important to any person and tha t such a person was respected even though at this time such individuals lacked any religious duties and even authority to be a priest. During the time of Augustus, religious duties and authority was only delegated to a limited number of priests who served as the advisors to the senate of Roman Empire and who had undertaken divination. Emperor Augustus also built the first pantheon that acted as a conservative place for the increasingly adopted religions in Roman Empire.Following the different eras of mixed religions, Roman Empire would later on be transformed into a single religion state. A Christian Empire after Emperor Constantine ascended to power. Emperor Constantine was born in 272 AD and his father Constantius Chlorus was by then an officer of Roman Empire who controlled its activities in Zenobia and Gallic Empires, which were constituent empires of the Roman Empire. As a young boy, he received his formal education at the court of Diocletian at Nicomedia. Later on, his fathe r would leave his mother and marry a daughter of the reigning Augustus of the East Empire of Roman Empire to earn more space in his government and cement their relationship. At the time of retirement, both the emperors of the East and of the West recommended that there was to be an end to Tetrarchs following the fact that there was to be no more naming of emperors sons as the potential heirs of the emperorship. This eventually angered Constantine who thought he should succeed his father as the emperor. Despite this setback in his dreams, he left to join his father in the West. After some time, the father fell ill and died and following his popularity to the soldiers for his bravery, they declared him the next Augustus of the West Roman Empire.Constantine in his reign is stipulated as a Christian who really believed in God. He was a true believer to the extent that just before the battle of Milvian Bridge, which would later proclaim him the overall emperor of East and West Empires, he believed to have seen a sign of his success from God. His soldiers fought this battle under a new sign, which meant in Christs name. He also claimed to have received his visions from God in his dreams. He eventually won the battle and even though the other soldiers had outnumbered his army, he believed in his victory and encouraged them to fight hard. This forced the other soldiers to flee, eventually capturing Rome. As indicated by Lenski, Constantine ruled more than any other emperor of the Roman Empire second from Augustus. When he was declared the emperor of Roman Empire, Rome city had grown a substantial percentage of both Christians and Judaism. This had resulted from the influx of Greek gods, Egypt gods and others from the near East in to the Roman Empire.Augustus innovations in religious practices in the Roman EmpireAugustus ruled in the Roman Empire as from 31 BCE to 14 CE. He was the fore founder of Rome City and even history articulates him as the first emperor of t he Roman Empire. The innovations he made for the city and to religious practices are unforgettable. When Augustus became the emperor of the Roman Empire, he embarked on different projects to alleviate the image of the city as well as raising the socio-economic status of the different communities in the Roman Empire bearing in mind that at this time very little was in existence in terms of the facilities, technology and even the technical knowhow. Together with his compatriot general Agrippa, Augustus turned Roman Empire into one of the greatest in history as at that time of the century.Augustus is remembered as a key contributor and inventor of religious practices since he was the first emperor to build the first pantheon. This place acted as a temple to all gods of ancient Roman Empire. Different people during this period of the century would use this facility to serve their religious activity. He as well changed the laws of the town in favor of diversified religious activities. I t was the right of every person to serve the god who he or she believed in without torture or discrimination by the law. This resulted in high growth of religious activities in this empire and evolution of gods. Prior to the republican time, there were seven gods headed by Zeus. This eventually grew to approximately sixteen during the era of Augustus. These gods were mainly imported from Greece and Egypt.However, with the introduction of laws supporting the different religions and commencement of building of temples to serve the gods in different cities of the Roman Empire, this did not serve the need of a certain group of individuals. As stated by Stark, it just made some groups of people develop the urge to look for a more sophisticated religion to sustain their religious needs. To some point in the century, through the act of the senate a religion known as Cybele also referred to as Magna Mater (great mother&rdqu...

Behavior Project to Help Me Focus Essay example - 1559 Words

My behavior change was to Help me focus more on school, homework, and studying. As for me to help keep myself in line I kept data. On the data I used calendars and on the days that I had homework or to study I wrote down how long it took me to do it and what subject it was for. For this to happen I had to come up with some type of plan. Right? If you do not have a plan and do not follow that plan you will be out of line and the behavior change will not work. The plan that I advised myself to use was this. I choose five ways to modify changes that helped me reach my targeted behavior. I used: 1.Focus 2.Time 3.Adrenaline 4.Willingness 5.How to study or take notes. Focus is a concept theory that deals with how information in one phrase†¦show more content†¦But for me it ment that I had to focus and turn in all homework and study for all tests for every two weeks. Willingness is the will power to do something or anything. For me this is a part of struggling that I had to work thru because before I wanted to do this I looked at school as if it was like oh it is just a part of life and I will just skim by but things have changed my perspective due to college, Ctc and other life changing experiences for that matter. I learned in an article that I read online the proper ways to take notes. Some of those ways are to take notes on what the teach says is important or makes a certain gesture to the point that you should know it is important, another way is that whatever they write on the board or on the screen is something you should write down. Another efficient way is to split the pages of your notes in half and kind ve make it like a quiz that you made up but it goes along with your notes. Also only the important part of the notes is what you should include in your practice test. I had goals from the start for myself. 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Consequently, I am satisfied with performing in the background with no fan fare. The main course concept project for Applied Project in Neurorehabilitation course was writing a grant. Grant writing is the process that refers to completing an application for funding provide by an organization. A government

Impact of Industrialization, Urbanization and...

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, URBANIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION ON TRIBALS: THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF CHRISTIAN MISSION FOR CHURCH GROWTH IN SUCH SITUATION By T. Sonchung Koren Department of Missiology COTR Thelogical Seminary, Visakhapatnam 8thh September 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCATION CHAPTER ONE THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TRIBALS 1.1. Definition of the term Industrialization 1.2. The negative impact of Industrialization 1.2.1. Massive displacement of the tribal people 1.2.1.1. Mega Dams projects 1.2.1.2. Displacement due to Mining 3. Displacement in North East states†¦show more content†¦Some of the reasons for the hindrances of church growth 4.2.1. People are more concern about their physical needs 4.2.2. People are more job oriented 4.2.3. Tribal People think Christianity is for rich people 4.2.4. Lack of effective means of gospel presentation CHAPTER FIVE CHURCH PLANTING CHURCH GROWTH STRATEGIES AMONG 5.1. Establishing Homes for the orphans and the destitute 5.2. Providing free education to the tribal children 5.3. Providing free medical needs to the tribal 5.4. Establishing a home church CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS INTRODUCATION Industrialization, Urbanization and Globalization are the three terminologies which have a close connection in their process. Industrialization is one of the fastest growing processes of developmental work in India. And due to Industrialization there are more and more people from the rural villages migrated to the urban areas which results in the rapid Urbanization in India. Industrialization and urbanization lead to Globalization making India progressing in its economy, education and science and technology though many industries, factories coming up in India which in return have contributed a lot to the developmental work in our nation. Tribals are the people group in India who mainly live in the forest areas. For the tribal, forests are their sources of income, livelihood, shelter, food etc. But all the big

Why does landscape painting become so popular in the 19th century free essay sample

Landscape painting was practiced in America from its founding, but it did not become widely popular until the 1820s and 1830s when artists such as Thomas ColeÑoriginator of the so-called Hudson River SchoolÑpioneered a national style of landscape painting that depicted distinctively American scenery allied with almost microscopically close observation of nature. This attitude toward the natural landscape was part of a larger phenomenon that recent scholars have dubbed landscape tourism. Landscape tourism became more popular as the virgin [i.e., pre-European contact] landscape increasingly disappeared: the subjugation of Native American populations, the development of the railroad, and the ever-expanding frontier of new settlement and development made nature less remote, safer and easier to reach and enjoy for both artists and tourists.   The reverence for nature, therefore, cannot be disentangled from the very forces that were encroaching upon nature and destroying it. Finally, despite the role of landscape painting in the possession and control of nature, we have identified a powerful cross-current of ecological inquiry built into the very enterprise of landscape painting. We will write a custom essay sample on Why does landscape painting become so popular in the 19th century? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page    This cross-current of inquiry interacted in certain ways with scientific research, but it also broadened the scope of scientific inquiry and humanized it.   The painters inquiry involved: Close, sustained observation of particular sites, from geology to botany; An equal emphasis on the subjective experience of natural places, as dynamic, changing environments; A faith in the interrelatedness of living things and natural systems, in other words, in the modern notion of ecology. Source Kirk Savage, University of Pittsburgh: The Case of 19th Century Landscape

Sun poisoning Essay Example

Sun poisoning Paper The current belief of postmodernism Is that a correct and precise description of reality Is Impossible. The truth, said by Unlatched, Is Limited and constantly evolving. There Is a focus on the deconstruction and fragmentation of novels, paintings and general art and because of that, it is nearly impossible to give a clear definition of the term post-modernism. Authors such as Hark Murrain and Michael Strung Summary of the text The short story Sun poisoning is about a couple, whom we never get a name for, hat is going on a vacation to Haiti after the boyfriend has finished an art show in New York and decides that both of them need to get away. The story focuses on the girlfriend who isnt too happy about going on vacation because she thinks that It Is a lot more hard work than just staying at home. The girlfriend complains a lot about the food and general location of their hotel and Is not really pleased with their vacation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sun poisoning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sun poisoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sun poisoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One day her boyfriend falls Ill and sleeps all day and the girlfriend Is mad at him for leaving her alone, but the next day, when they are about to eat dinner, the relined falls ill herself and has been sun poisoned from laying on the beach too much and for the rest of the vacation she has to wear long pants, shirts, a cap and shoes and she can barely walk three steps without her body burning. The story end with an ironic note about the, in the girlfriends eyes, crappy three man band that only knows two song. Characterization The girlfriend We do not get a name for her, nor do we get an exact age, but I would think that she is around the late twenties or early thirties because she has a boyfriend, not a husband and because she cares a lot about how she looks. She is a woman who eels out of place In her body. She Is the protagonist of the short story and Is very negative. She doesnt really get the whole female thing with waxing ones legs and removing body oils and then spreading different oils all over ones body. Since you are kind of reading the womans thoughts in the short story you can tell that she is very ironic. 4 She does not like talking to new people as she drags her boyfriend away from Michael and Linda; a couple they met when they saw a bush fire on the other side of the bay. The boyfriend We do not get a lot of information about the boyfriend in the short story but he mess a lot more optimistic than his girlfriend. He is the antagonist of the short story. He is a painter, an artist, who Just had a show in New York and needed to get away. He is creative and has a sense of humor and takes good care of his girlfriends Analysis The setting of the short story Is partly In New York, when they are getting ready and In Halt when they are on vacation The story Is written In a Second person narrative seeing as the pronoun you is used frequently to describe the plot of the story and Girlfriend and her inner self and the problems and conflicts she has inside, as she goes not feel comfortable in her female body. She feels like she doesnt belong in her body and would much rather be a man, because she thinks that it would be a lot easier. The language and form of the short story is very fragmented and very much like a stream of consciousness from the main characters point of view. Fragmentation is also an important trait in post-modernism. Interpretation You can interpret the woman as to having an identity crisis, which many people had in the eighties because of the new form of industrialization caused by MET, the origin of music videos and there became a lot more focus on ones appearance and body. The androgynous look came in to fashion and it developed a more blurry line between the two sexes. The woman in the short story does not feel at home in her own body as a female and would much rather be a man because it seems like less of a hassle. She feels as if her female appearance is a faded . Putting the text into perspective As seen in the poem Interferer by Susan Hamlin, seen on our curriculum. The truth is unstable. The main person in the poem sends a virtual bouquet of flowers and it depicts the fragmentation of the world and the new industrialization. Conclusion Post-modernism comes to a strange conclusion that; We can image things that do not physically exist We cannot image things that do physically exist. Therefore to summarize; The text Sun poisoning gives a view of reality by ONE woman who has her doubts about who she is. She imagines things about herself that do not physically exist, her doubt, her sex, her identity. Post-modernism tries to break up with the traits of modernism; the feeling of the big city and the industrialization. In post-modernism there is a universal truth that is open for interpretation and re-interpretation. The truth simply becomes unstable.

Greeks essays

Greeks essays The Greeks settled around the Greek peninsula and the islands in the Aegean Sea. They also went to areas located in India. Through the International system, city-states are formed sovereign within themselves. With the Greeks, there was a conglomeration of city-states that had external pressures by the Persians. The Persians were trying to overcome the territory of the Ionian Islands, Thrace and Macedon. With the Greek structure, they formed a military alliance to try to block out the pressures of the boarding states. Athens and Sparta were in charge of the alliance. Larger city-states brought a change to polar international system. They were now controlling the smaller city-states by weakening their boundaries and boycotting by Athens on trade. Wars began to break out between the city-states and Greece became a bipolar power. The intensity of the city-states was ranked by their military and commercial power. Since Athens and Sparta were powerful in these areas, they came to Athens because of better trade and they liked the Athenian laws. Sparta, on the other hand, used military force to gain their territory. War became a constant reality between the city-states. The battle between trade and religion seemed the most outstanding. The city-states interacted through the trading of goods and military supplies. The government could use trade to make pressures on other city-states by boycotting. No one could do any free trading without Athens consent. In the religious aspect, every state had their own religious symbol, which led to conflict and violence. Other irrational means of interaction had to be discovered. As a behavior of norms, diplomacy was used as a source of negotiation between city-states, instead of going to war. War caused massive destruction, cost a lot of money, and claimed many lives. The ambassador would send a high, upstanding citizen to form friendship ...

Appearance vs. Reality, Hamlet

In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the main theme of the play is appearance versus reality. The characters within the play appear to be sincere and honourable when in reality they are corrupt and immoral. Many of the characters within the play illustrate this concept. When looking at them from behind a mask they give the impression of a person who is genuine and honest, but in reality they are plagued with lies and despicable behaviour. Four of the main characters that attempt to deceive Hamlet by hiding behind this mask are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and King Claudius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who are not as they appear. They are asked by the King and Gertrude to spy on Hamlet in order to find the reason behind Gertrude’s â€Å"too much changed son† (II. ii. 36). They give the appearance of being Hamlet’s friend, yet in reality, the pair only came to Elsinore because they were summoned. Surprised by his friends’ unexplained arrival, Hamlet questions what has brought them there. Rosencrantz lies when responding â€Å"To visit you my lord, no other occasion† (II. i. 266). Hamlet instantly sees through their lies and insists â€Å"you were sent for, and there / is a kind of confession in your looks†¦I know the good king and / queen have sent for you† (II. ii. 273-276). Knowing that his so-called friends are lying about the purpose of their visit, Hamlet discloses nothing to them. Having gotten no answers for the King, the two were asked to go to Hamlet once more an d continue to seek the real reason for Hamlet’s behaviour. Hamlet has little patience since being lied to and reveals to the pair that he is aware that they are spies and saying to them: [Y]ou would play upon me, you would seem to know my stops, you would pluck out the heart of my mystery, .. Call me what Instrument you will, though you can fret me, you cannot play upon me. † (III. iii. 343-350) Although appearing to be Hamlet’s friends, he quickly sees that in actuality, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are only trying to pry him for information. The King’s royal associate, Polonius, plays an important role in developing the theme. He’s constantly keeping up the facade of a concerned and caring individual. Polonius appears to be a good father, and honourable man. Upon learning that his son is going to France, he gives several pieces of advice to Laertes, in particular â€Å"This above all, to thine own self be true† (II. iii. 78). He gives advice in order to appear to be a caring father, when in fact he speaks in order to look good rather than to actually be good. Polonius then sends Reynaldo to bring Laertes money but instructs that â€Å"Before you visit him, to make inquire / Of his behaviour† (II. i. 4-5), and then advises him how to be sneaky about it. Throughout the play Polonius conspires with the King on ways to eavesdrop on Hamlet. When Hamlet is going to speak with his mother, Polonius suggests â€Å"Behind the arras I’ll convey myself / To hear the process† (III. iii. 28-29). Polonius acts as if his actions are for the king, when in fact it will benefit him greatly if the reason behind Hamlet’s strange behaviour is because of his love for Ophelia. Polonius also humiliates his daughter Ophelia by forcing her to read love letters from Hamlet aloud to the King and Gertrude. He tells Ophelia that it’s in her own best interest not to keep this secret. His words are those of a loving father, but his actions are quite different. Even though Polonius pretends to be moral and a loving parent, the reality is that he is a devious manipulator. Claudius, the current King of Denmark is the epitome of corruption and immorality although he presents himself to be the rightful king. King Claudius reveals his true maliciousness several times. Claudius only becomes King of Denmark after murdering his brother and marrying his sister-in-law Gertrude in an incestuous marriage. When speaking of his brothers’ death, he justifies the speedy marriage to Gertrude while appearing to have the kingdom’s best interest at heart when explaining â€Å"That we with wisest sorrow think on him / Together with remembrance of ourselves† (I. ii. 6-7). In actuality, Claudius acts out of greed to become king and out of lust for Gertrude. Claudius demeans Hamlet several times throughout the play. While Hamlet is grieving his father’s death, the heartless king requests â€Å"We pray you throw to earth / This unprevailing woe† (I. ii. 106-107), showing his deplorable behaviour by referring to Hamlet’s grief as useless. King Claudius shows his true maliciousness during his final act of manipulation. The king appeals to Laertes guilt and convinces him to kill Hamlet to avenge his father’s death by â€Å"A sword unbated, and in pass of practice / Requite him for your father† (IV. vii. 137-138). King Claudius’s selfish and despicable behaviour leads to the death of all those he had pretended to care for at one point or another: Gertrude, Hamlet, and Laertes. This final act of vengeance brings about the beginning of the end for the entire royal family. While proving that appearances can be deceiving, the characters help to develop the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. While Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and King Claudius all appear to be virtuous and honest people, the reality is that they are continually scheming and plotting against Hamlet. Although appearing to be respectable, each of them is actually tainted by evil and corruption. Unfortunately, Hamlet finds out the hard way that each of them have their own hidden agendas, and corruption spreads like disease throughout the state of Denmark.

How the Federal Reserve System Functions Term Paper

How the Federal Reserve System Functions - Term Paper Example the Fed†) is so deeply interconnected with the entire political system, the inevitably byproducts of central banks are business cycles caused by politically-oriented monetary policies. Politicians use the Fed as a means of imposing fiscal policies that, although look good to constituents, ultimately worsen and damage the economy further (Bresiger, 2001). The following is an account of how the Fed is supposed to work, and the effects that the central banking system is supposed to have. An account of how it actually works is an entirely different matter. The Federal Reserve is, in fact, a tool under public control, overseen and manipulated by government to accomplish the goal of a healthy, vibrant economy. As said before, the question of function is deeply rooted in the question of structure, which is in turn related causally to the history of the Fed. The Fed began with â€Å"panics† in the early 20th century, wherein people raced to banks to withdraw deposits. A fragile banking system at that time was overwhelmed, forcing Congress to draft the Federal Reserve Act, which, has been modified through time to encompass broader and wider responsibilities. The Fed was forced to find the virtuous mean between the moral responsibility of the government and the private interests of banks, which gave rise to countless checks and balances imposed on the system by government influences (Meltzer, 2004). Congress, of course, ever since the first establishment of the Fed, has regulated the system. Based on that, the Fed is answerable to Congress and must work within the Congressional system. However, the Fed still retains a certain level of self-rule in order to carry out its responsibilitie s apart from the political process (Lapidos, 2008). The Fed is composed primarily of three parts: the Board of Governors, the regional Reserve banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee. The first, the Board of Governors, is the agency of the Federal government regulating banks,

The Rise of Mass Communications HW Research Paper

The Rise of Mass Communications HW - Research Paper Example With the technology that we have at our disposal now, one would expect that the start of the 20th century would have been technologically quite prosperous. But as far as mass communication media are concerned, the only mass communication medium available was newspapers (Unknown, 2000-2010). The telegram and telephone were also present at that time, which were very powerful supplements to newspapers by providing ways to send information across huge distances, instantly (Bellis, 2011). Still, newspapers were the only source of mass communication. So, the 20th century has seen the advent of many technological advances, and with them, there have been numerous revolutions in the ways through which businesses, governments and public figures have employed, and at times exploited, mass media for their agendas. Radio was the first of the communication media inventions in the 20th century, invented by Guglielmo Marconi in 1901. Radio, combined with telegraphy, was one of the most excessively u sed tools (Unknown, 2000-2010), specially at the time of war. It was extensively used as a tool of propaganda during WWI and WWII. Also, political leaders fighting for freedom from colonial rule used this as a tool of spreading their word and getting people united under the same banner, such as in the subcontinent. Radio has also been used extensively for advertisement and information broadcasting since the advent of Amplitude Modulation Radio and Frequency Modulation Radio. Television was the next major invention in the field of communication, and its global outreach opened up new paradigms of media usage. It has proven to be the push required to spread businesses across continents by providing them the platform to advertise to global markets and extend their reach e.g. global brands, like McDonalds (McDonald’s, 2010; Stanley, 2010), have relied heavily on television for going global. With reach comes the power to influence further, and that made television a more powerful p ropaganda tool. The notion of sitting in a person’s home, in front of them, and talking to them with words and actions, has been exploited time and again by public figures and political leaders to lure public into believing what they want them to believe. The false propaganda going on against Islam in recent times, showing it as a cruel and inhumane religion, has been at the heart of building animosity between people and gaining support for oppressive attacks against Muslims (Bleher, 2000). The 20th century has had many technological marvels, but nothing has been as miraculous as computer and internet. This finally provides a medium for not only transmitting your message like the television or newspapers, but also getting feedback on it instantly through dialogues, understanding different cultures and building as well as professing views. Free information access through internet means that companies strive and pay more and more to fill the computer screens of potential custom ers. But, the most powerful use of internet is e-business, which needs virtually no investment, and thus no chance of a monetary loss. Companies like Amazon and others have become global internet brands and almost every company pitches its products to millions of customers, everyday through websites (Newell and Budge, 2011). The bigger they are, the bigger they are; internet has been the source of most conspiracies and

Is Sherlock Holmes an Individual or a By Product of the Victorian Age? :: Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essays

Is Sherlock Holmes an Individual or a By Product of the Victorian Age? To the ignorant onlooker Sherlock Holmes is simply a clever detective amongst a horde of similar duplicates from various tales and myths of the crime-solving era. Sherlock Holmes is the culmination from a culture of detectives. Francis Eugene Vidocq, a â€Å"Holmes† in the making, with an utter disregard for the official police, an ability to disguise himself, and clever plans to catch the criminals accompanied by an excellent knowledge of the criminal underworld. Lecoq, used science and his cleverness to solve his crimes. Dupin, a detective who possessed powers of deduction and reasoning. Conan Doyle used all these essential ingredients and through an ingenious metamorphosis produced the ultimate detective; the meticulous observer Sherlock Holmes. If we delve deeper into the infinite chasm of Holmes' character we reveal more about the enigmatic figure that masquerades inside his majestic exterior. The entwining, interlocking tentacles of Holmes' deceivingly simple demeanour knot together to conceal his true being. His character cannot be confined to the restrictive boundaries we use for one and another. His character is far more complex and intelligent than his middle class placement in Victorian society would like to divulge. Conan Doyle created a character, blessed with gifts of deduction, intuition and a genius ability to solve crimes. But in forming this wonderful concoction he thus morphed many other sides to Holmes, seemingly oblivious to his adoring followers. He formed an untouchable creature, unable to feel emotion and passion. "He never spoke of the softer passions, save with a gibe and a sneer" Emotions would only make Holmes weaker, and Sherlock Holmes did not do weakness. A cold calculated scientist, an ostentatious performer, an arrogant conceited artist, a character arisen to a higher level than us 'inferior beings' Holmes' the bohemian, Holmes' the scientist, Holmes' the detective, Holmes' the gentleman, Holmes' the musician. Clever, genius, conceited, arrogant, patronising, condescending. His character is more than dual-natured. His multiple sided personality forms a complex persona to investigate. To dissect the inner chambers of Holme's thoughts, I will protrude into the depths of a classic narrative; The Red Headed League which embodies many of Holmes intricate characteristics. In this classic narrative Mr Wilson, the stereotypical ignorant victim is used as a long-suffering pawn in a game of cruel political chess, he is obliviously trapped in a criminal masterminds scheming plan to gain his revenge on society. The 'red headed league' is an exuberant ploy to keep Mr Wilson out of his lodgings for days on end under the preface that his "Real vivid flame coloured tint" had earned him a place in the ambiguous "red headed league". He has

Behavior Leadership Theory

What really makes a good leader? Psychologist and managers tried to answer this question. â€Å"Chronologically, the first answer to what makes a good leader was that leaders are not made, they are born† (Fairholm, 1991). This was the first theory of Leadership, the Great Men Theory. Many other theories were divided by Fairholm and these are the following: theories based on who the leader is, wherein this group focuses on the leader‘s characteristic; theories based on what the leader does, wherein the behavior theory belong to this group.It is focused on studying leaders’ behavior so that it can be reproduced by followers; and the theories based on the Environment of the Leadership. Leadership is a difficult topic to study because leadership is a â€Å"fuzzy† concept. For decades, social scientists and practitioners have been struggling to come up with the ultimate definition of leadership, to explain its mechanisms, and to draw the line between leadership and management. They have produced a number of definitions and theories.Long time ago, determinants of leadership has been identified by behavioral theorists, so that people could be trained to be leaders. Since the best styles of leadership can be learned, training programs have been developed to change managers' leadership behaviors. During the World War II, the leaders of the academy left the Isle of Traits and set sale for the Isle of Behaviors by the 1940s. They suspected that the X and Y Theory of Leadership of Myers or Briggs, was some kind of fraud. The military wanted to know if leaders could be trained, and if so, what behaviors made them most effective.The Academy of Leader Professors wanting to get tenure, fame in time of world crisis, and fortune decided that some new theory of leadership must be found or all their jobs would be as extinct as dinosaurs. Working with the Army and with universities, two biggest â€Å"Page#2† bureaucracies in the world, it was mostl y about transactional behavior, being autocratic or democratic to increase the transaction rate or quality. The game of life in organizations was never to be transformed and their quest was to find universal leader behavior styles that correlate with effectiveness and are optimal transactions in all situations.Squire Fleishman and Sir Katz set off for the Isle of Behavior in separate ships as they are desperate to establish a behavioral settlement, but found out that Scribe Lewin had already established a behavioral settlement and an Iowa University since 1938. On the Isle of Behaviors, leader (transactional) behaviors became observable and their study turned objective and measurable. Different Universities wanted to make its mark and study what do leaders do by using some statistical methods, then the Ohio State and Michigan University competed for the education of the peasants.Fleishman became King of Ohio State and Katz was made King of Michigan University. Lewin was already King at Iowa. Each mustered their armies and prepared to battle for leader behavior territory. Sir Mintzberg, knighted by the Canadians, resettled in the Isle of Behavior and decided to go and look to see if leaders did any planning, organizing, controlling, or leading. He actually observed and recorded the progress what transactions that leaders do. The world was shocked to discover, that leaders had a hectic, frantic, and fragmented transaction life, and did little of the behaviors thought to take place.Some leaders were only figureheads, but he did confirm Sir Merton's view, but noting all the roles that leaders do. While the Isle of Behavior was oversupplied with two-factor studies of behavior and observations of roles here and everywhere, that great explored, Prince Yukl decided that process was more important than some list of universal behaviors. And by 2001, Prince â€Å"Page#3† Howell and Knight Costley joined the search for process. They still liked to isolate and measu re behaviors, but wanted to do this in the study of processes. They made great maps of the world of leadership, charting each territory.Leaders were reduced from traits or greatness to just psychoalgebraic behavioral equations, to styles or just transactions. But alas most of the Leader Behavior Academy had already set sail for the Isle of Situation. It seemed obvious that Traits and Behaviors to be effective depended upon the Situation. If there were universal behaviors, they are not optimal in all situations. Therefore a great expedition set forth to the Isle of Situation in the 1960s, with new waves of migration each decade since. This is where the arts of transformation were rekindled. The behavior of Leadership has two main theories, transaction and transformation.This is what we call the â€Å"X† dimension of behavior leadership theory. It is the X dimension that focuses on the Behavioral School of leadership. The X dimension runs from Transactional to transformational leadership, as studied by Burns (1978) and Bass (1985). This is a classic dualism in leadership studies. Burns looked at modal thinking (the means over ends reasoning) in the early stages of development and held that the leaders are transactional in their behaviors. Transactional leadership requires a shrewd eye for opportunity, a good hand at bargaining, persuading, reciprocating (Burns, 1978:169).A transformational leader, on the other hand, recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower and looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. Eventually transformational leaders were thought to engage in behaviors that â€Å"Page#4† changed the game, even changed the world. Douglas McGregor described Theory X and Y in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise, that X and Y theory each represent different ways in which leaders view employees.Theory X managers believe that employees are motivated mainly by money, are lazy, uncooperative, and have poor work habits. Theory Y managers believe that subordinates work hard, are cooperative, and have positive attitudes. Theory X is the traditional view of direction and control by managers. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid if he or she can. Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives.The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, wants security above all. This theory leads naturally to an emphasis on the tactics of control – to procedures and techniques for telling people what to do, for determining whether they are doing it, and for administering rewards and punishment. Theory X explains the consequences of a particular managerial strateg y. Because its assumptions are so unnecessarily limiting, it prevents managers from seeing the possibilities inherent in other managerial strategies.As long as the assumptions of Theory X influence managerial strategy, organizations will fail to discover, let alone utilize, the potentialities of the average human being. Theory Y is the view that individual and organizational goals can be integrated. The expenditures of physical and mental effort in work are as natural as play or rest. â€Å"Page#5† External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing out effort toward organizational objectives. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.The average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly, di stributed in the population. Under the condition of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized. Theory Y's purpose is to encourage integration, to create a situation in which an employee can achieve his or her own goals best by directing his or her efforts toward the objectives of the organization.It is a deliberate attempt to link improvement in managerial competence with the satisfaction of higher-level ego and self-actualization needs. Theory Y leads to a preoccupation with the nature of relationships, with the creation of an environment which will encourage commitment to organizational objectives and which will provide opportunities for the maximum exercise of initiative, ingenuity, and self-direction in achieving them. Note that with Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals.Theory X is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Many organizations are now taking the enlightened view of theory Y. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory X approach, while a leader takes the theory Y approach. Notice that Maslow, Herzberg, and McGreagor's theories all tie together: Herzberg's theory is a micro version of Maslow's theory (concentrated in the work place). McGreagor's Theory X is based on workers â€Å"Page#6† caught in the lower levels (1 to 3) of Maslow's theory, while his Theory Y is for workers who have gone above level 3.McGreagor's Theory X is based on workers caught in Herberg's Hygiene Dissatisfiers, while Theory Y is based on workers who are in the Motivators or Satisfiers section. Whatever theory applied by any organization , the greatest chance of being successful is when all of the employees work toward achieving its goals. Since leadership involves the exercise of influence by one person over others, the quality of leadership is a critical determina nt of organizational success. Thus, leaders study leadership in order to influence the actions of his followers toward the achievement of the goals of the organization.Leadership studies can be classified as trait, behavioral, contingency, and transformational. Earliest theories assumed that the primary source of leadership effectiveness lay in the personal traits of the leaders themselves. Yet, traits alone cannot explain leadership effectiveness. Thus, later research focused on what the leader actually did when dealing with employees. These behavioral theories of leadership sought to explain the relationship between what the leader did and how the employees reacted, both emotionally and behaviorally. Yet, behavior can't always account for leadership in different situations.Thus, contingency theories of leadership studied leadership style in different environments. Transactional leaders, such as those identified in contingency theories, clarify role and task requirements for employ ees. Yet, contingency can't account for the inspiration and innovation that leaders need to compete in today's global marketplace. Newer transformational leadership studies have shown that leaders, who are charismatic and visionary, can inspire followers to transcend their own self-interest for â€Å"Page#7† the good of the organization.

Analysis Of The Book Snowman - 1519 Words

I am not my childhood, Snowman says out loud. Okay†¦ Well, who is he? Snowman (or Jimmy, as I will refer to him) is a perplexing character from Atwood’s first introduction. He is living as the only human man among a colony of â€Å"Crakers† over whom he appears to be some kind of godly leader. As he wallows in his past we discover him to be almost tragic; a cruel and manipulative lover, void of any real emotionally intimate relationships, who now spends all of his time thinking, reflecting and obsessing over his past. For a man who â€Å"is not his childhood†- we sure hear a lot about it! Which tells us that his past is critical in understanding who he is as a character. Jimmy never achieves the closeness he craves with his mother; he spends most†¦show more content†¦A mother who is predominantly absent, either physically or emotionally often leaves the child with difficulties understanding and experiencing intimacy. Both of these are models of insecure attachment. Let s look at Jimmy and his relationship with his mother. Jimmy remembers his mother as predominantly distant and cold. This is depicted in Jimmy’s memory of his mother’s response when asked why she had resigned from her job: â€Å"because I wanted to stay home with you,† she said, looking over the top of Jimmy’s head and puffing on her cigarette.† As readers, we are invited to assume that she suffers from some kind of episodic depression- though this cannot be understood by Jimmy as a child. He recalls her forgetting his birthday, and when reminded, buying him gifts that showed she either knew or cared very little about her son. According to attachment theory- jimmy’s memories of his maternal parenting may be either idealised or devalued. In snowman’s reflections, he makes no excuses for the unstable home his mother creates. He reflects upon her unaffectionately and bluntly- and recants his only warm maternal memories of a hired nanny who was as affectionate and generous as his mother was cold and unpredictable. When his mother leaves work to care for him Jimmy is told the nanny must leave because; â€Å"nobody needed two mummies did they? oh yes, they did, thinks snowman. Oh yes, they really did.† Of course, Jimmy’s mother ultimately leaves him andShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee2255 Words   |  10 PagesWhether it is in literature or even shown in pictures, people use things to represent something with a deeper meaning and that’s called symbolism. In the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by author Harper Lee, various different themes or symbols are active throughout the book either directly, or more often, obscurely being tied to the ultimate theme of the book, which is not being able to understand someone until you experience life from their point of view. 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The carefully selected lexis is designedRead MoreHigh School Is A Crucial Period For All Essay1944 Words   |  8 Pagesassignment, and consequently it showed in my work that I was uncertain about my writing capabilities. Ms. John helped me overcome my fears and lack of interest in writing papers because she taught me that in writing, there really is not a right or a wrong analysis, and ultimately it depends on how well the writer is able to convince his or her point of view to the reader. That lesson had a lasting impact on me because it taught me how to rely on my own understanding, experience, and perceptions of thingsRead MoreBreaking Gender Stereotypes Essay2229 Words   |  9 Pagesthey did the boys. When giving feedback, they also tended to correct boys on procedural errors and girls on academic performance (Gallagher, 1998), playing on their emotional need to please adults. 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